The internet was created by scientists that wanted to share research papers over computer networks. It started with ARPANET in 1969 and has transformed into something completely different. Hyperlinks enabled browsing of linked pages, and link aggregators like Yahoo! and later search engines like AltaVista (and eventually Google) have brought us the internet of today. HTTPS allowed e-commerce and fast internet connections led to explosion of media on the internet. But the internet today is still a familiar place to the one from the late 1990s.

The last 5 years have ushered in the era of unstopable advances in Machine Learning and LLMs (Large Language Models) which are about to change everything. The internet is finally going to change and will not resemble the old place from the 1990s. Large Language Models like ChatGPT, Gemini, Anthropic Claude, Mistral AI, DeepSeek and countless others are where people go to get answers. They do not go to a search engine like Google, enter a query, click through websites on the results page, and read the content on each page till their questions are answered. The users open their choice of LLM app and ask what they are looking for. The LLM responds with the answer in seconds. There is no searching, clicking on links, or going to websites.

Continue reading…

Digital currencies have been gaining traction in recent years. It started with Bitcoin and today there are hundreds of cryptocurrencies. Everything from stable coins to tokens that are designed for a specific purpose. However, the most interesting one is Central Bank Digital Currency. While the traditional cryptocurrency community prefers a truly decentralized currency that is anonymous, in order to analyze the implications of a digital currency, digital currencies issued by central banks should be the area of focus.

Digital currency is essentially cash (physical paper money) in a digital form. So it is not “money in the bank”. It is coins in a wallet. In this case, digital coins in a digital wallet. Paper money and coins have a manufacturing cost associated with them. The United States made pennies with copper. But when copper became expensive, people started to melt the pennies and sell copper extracted from them. This was later criminalized. Today the penny is not pure copper. But the high cost of minting them persists. There has been a debate to round off prices for goods and services to the nearest 5 cent amount as the US loses money for each penny that is minted. Digital money almost eliminates this cost.

Continue reading…

Marketplaces are all over the internet. Many tech companies run them. Amazon is a marketplace for goods, and food delivery apps like DoorDash or GrubHub are marketplaces for food. While these seem completely different, they are the exact same business. They are marketplaces with all the user data, and control delivery of goods or food.

Amazon started as an online bookstore, and today sells everything from A to Z. It sells Amazon Kindle and Alexa, and third party products like cellphone cases, desk lamps, and kitchen bowls. It is a marketplace. Amazon operates the website (where the customers interact), and deals with logistics of delivery. In the middle, you have third party companies providing goods to Amazon like the cellphone cases and desk lamps. Over the years, Amazon has collected data about what users buy, and built its recommendation engine to suggest other things customers could buy too. As it got more data, Amazon now knows what customers want before the customer figures out that they need something. Amazon has used this insight into demand for products and launched its own line of products in some categories. This is their Amazon Basics brand. Amazon controls the marketplace, the user data, and delivery. It does not need the third party for goods when it can make the goods itself. At least for high demand items that it knows will fly off the virtual shelves. This has created some concerns as third parties spend their money making different products, and when a product becomes successful, an Amazon Basics clone is available instantly. It also appears as the top result on Amazon! This has caused some anti-trust concerns.

Continue reading…

Clubhouse is a new social network that everyone is talking about. While Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and TikTok are visual feeds, Clubhouse is an audio app. Clubhouse has clubs, and each club hosts regular “rooms”. A room is an area people can join to discuss topics. There are moderators in a room, a speaker panel, and listeners in the audience. It is interactive, so the audience can raise hands and can be brought up to speak. This forum provides a way to host fire side chats, and have Q&A sessions. Rooms typically last from 30 minutes to several hours. They can keep going as long as a moderator is in the room. There are a few 24 hour rooms where people from different countries and timezones run the rooms as others take off. These are typically informal rooms with no topic. People are just talking casually. Part of the appeal of Clubhouse is the Covid pandemic and people alone at home. People also say they like the low-friction of being on Clubhouse. They have to be presentable on video calls, but the audio app lets them hop in for a few minutes before they are about to step into the shower. Without the Covid lockdown, Clubhouse would have likely failed as people are in offices or in schools all day and can’t talk on their phone for hours. Some call Clubhouse the first “AirPods social network” since a lot of users are wearing Apple’s wireless earphones while using the app.

Continue reading…

The internet was originally ARPA Net, a cluster of computers connecting universities so scientists could share research papers. Over the years, it transformed into the center of how humans live their lives. Everything from booking flight tickets, to hotel reservations, to hailing a cab was done online. It also became a social place with the rise of Facebook, Twitter, SnapChat and other networks. Since people spend a lot of their lives online, it also became a medium of influence. The greatest weapon is not the nuke, it is information. You can weaponize information and deliver it straight to a population through a smartphone that each citizen is holding. It is not surprising that the internet and social media apps became a political debate issue and started attracting government regulation and scrutiny. But this could be the beginning of the end of an open internet.

Continue reading…

Huawei is a technology company headquartered in China. Broadcom is an American chip-maker with significant operations in Singapore, and Qualcomm is an American chip-maker based in San Diego, California. These three companies have been front and center recently as Broadcom wanted to acquire Qualcomm. If the companies merged, they could become a stronger chip-maker. However, the US Government blocked Broadcom’s acquisition of Qualcomm. This is mainly because the US Government knew that Broadcom would cut Qualcomm’s R&D spending, giving an upper hand to Huawei which is a Chinese company, that is already ahead of the curve when it comes to 5G.

Continue reading…

Technology has been improving human life since decades. Most aspects of human life have been enhanced by technology. Everything from airplanes, to telephones, to radios, to smartphones, have morphed our lives. We are able to do more in our lives than previous generations. We are also living longer as life expectancy is increasing throughout the world. However, people are unwell for longer periods in their life even though they live longer. While life spans have increased, healthy part of life has not increased in the same proportion. So people are spending significant portions of life under care. Most of the healthcare spending is in the area of caring and treating older people. What we need to focus on now is extending the healthy life, so people enjoy the extended life. Technology has helped us understand the aging process and explore ways to slow the aging process.

Continue reading…

Automation has been happening in different areas over time and with technological progress, it seems like a threat now. It is estimated that over two-thirds of the workforce will have no work in the next decade. While the population keeps growing around the world, the lack of work brings challenges for the future that need to be addressed today. While we will not have the same kinds of jobs in the future, there will be different jobs and we must train the future generations differently to tackle challenges of the future. However, our society has been designed around growth. Every country is ranked by growth numbers in the short and medium term. This forces everyone to keep churning good growth numbers year after year and ignore the bigger challenges that await in the future.

In order to tackle the dramatic shift in how future productivity will function - where more of the work is automated, we must be willing to take a hit on the meaningless yearly growth numbers and start working towards completely different metrics and frameworks that define growth and productivity in the future.

Continue reading…

Tesla is a Silicon Valley company making cars. Companies in Silicon Valley have always been disruptive - changing behavior of people using technological innovations. We usually see companies making computers, software, processors, phone, etc. Tesla is focusing on transportation. Tesla is making desirable electric cars for the masses. Most cars on roads today are powered by gas, which is processed from crude oil. The world is dependent on cars for transit and hence on oil to keep people moving and countries progressing. Tesla is going to eliminate dependence on oil with move to electricity as fuel.

Continue reading…

Cars were a mechanical marvel. They were a combination of engineering breakthroughs integrated in a brilliant manner. The mechanical machines provided transportation within cities and long routes. They even got more economical over time and now most people on the planet own a car or have at least travelled in one. With the rise of technology, these mechanical machines evolved into technological instruments. Today, most cars are technology on wheels. There is not much mechanical left in them. Pressing the gas pedal does not move levers, but sends digital signals to the on-board processor. Everything from gas and break pedals, to the radio, to odometer and fuel readings is digital. There are various digital processors in the car and almost every action sends signals to different processors. These processors are similar to the ones on the computer or a smartphone. That means they are vulnerable to hackers. As we have moved to digital cars, the car makers have started hiring computer engineers and security researchers to prevent cars from being hacked. This has also given rise to car security companies that make devices to monitor cars with mobile apps and get alerts when theft occurs.

Continue reading…